Acculturation is a complex process that includes those phenomena that result when groups of individuals having different cultures come into continuous firsthand contact, with subsequent changes in the original cultural patterns of either or both groups. The study of acculturation was originally of interest to the fields of anthropology and sociology, focusing on changes occurring at a group level. However, acculturation incorporates changes at the social, group, and individual levels. Later, other fields such as psychology examined acculturation at an individual level. The concept of individual acculturation is also referred to as psychological acculturation, which is explained as a change in attitudes, behaviors, beliefs, and values. In relation to acculturation, scholars have identified six areas of functioning that are directly affected by acculturation: language, cognitive styles, personality, identity, attitudes, and acculturative stress. Although acculturation is usually linked to cross-cultural relocations, as with immigrants and refugees, it may take place in numerous sociocultural contexts among a variety of groups. Acculturation is not restricted to those who embark on geographical movement; it can occur in stationary communities, such as in the case of indigenous or native people and ethnic groups in pluralistic societies.
Tags: Master Degree Online, Online Computer Degree, Accredited Online Bachelor Degree, Accredited Online College Degree, Master Degree Online Program, Associates Degree Online, Accredited Online Degree, Online It Degree, Education Degree Online, Bs Construction Management Degree Online, Engineering Degree Online, Online Math Degree ,Accounting Degree Online, Construction Management Degree Online, Online Masters Degree In Education, Online Bachelors Degree, Bachelors Degree Online, Advantages Of Online Degree, Interior Design Degree Online, Online Accredited Degree, Associate Degree Online, Online Art History Degree, Online Degree Courses, Accredited Degree Online, Bachelor Business Degree Online, Online Masters Degree Programs.
Dimension of Acculturation
Whereas many scholars and research studies have focused on acculturation at a behavioral dimension, it is important to recognize that acculturation can affect other areas as well. Spoken language preference, television program preference, and participation in cultural activities are all ways in which acculturation can be experienced at a behavioral level. Additionally, online education can be experienced at a cognitive level, which may influence values and knowledge. The influence that acculturation has on the values may influence attitudes and beliefs about social relations, cultural customs and traditions, gender roles, online degree and attitudes and ideas about health. Knowledge may be influenced by acculturation in the manner in which we recognize or know about culture-specific information, such as names of historical figures belonging to the culture of origin and the dominant culture and the historical significance of culture-specific activities. Lastly, cultural identity has been proposed as a dimension of acculturation. Cultural identity refers to the attitudes an individual has about his or her culture, such as feelings of comfort, pride, or shame toward the culture of origin or the host culture.
Tags: Online College Bachelor Degree, Online College Degree Distance Education, Online Course And College Degree, Pharmacy Degree Online, School Online College Degree Distance Education, College Degree Learning Online Program, School Online College Degree Distance Education, College Degree Learning Online Program, Masters Degree Graduate Accredited Online College Programs, Online Accredited Law College Degree, Online Colleges College Degree, Earn A College Degree Online.
Theoretical and Conceptual Frameworks
Medicine and psychiatry had a major influence in the study of online degree, and early theories of acculturation assumed a clinical viewpoint on matters corresponding to culture contact and change. Much of the early work on online degree focused on anxiety occurring during cross-cultural transition.
Assimilation
The assimilation model of acculturation characterizes individuals that are highly acculturated; assimilated individuals strongly identify with the dominant or host culture, resulting in the loss of the original cultural identity. The assimilation model of online degree has come to be known as cultural shift. Assimilated individuals that no longer identify with their culture of origin may behave in a manner that no longer reflects the behaviors of the original culture. For example, assimilated individuals may no longer speak the native language, listen to native music, take part in native dances, or follow the native culture's dating process. Along with behavioral changes, assimilated individuals shift their beliefs, values, and attitudes to match those of the dominant or host culture.
Tags: Online Bachelor Degree, Online Degree Program, Online Health Care Degree, Online College Degree Programs, College Degree Distance Education Online, Online Course College Degree, Online Pharmacy Degree, Masters Degree Graduate Accredited Online College Programs, Online Accredited Law College Degree, Online Colleges College Degree, College Degree Program Online, College Degree Education Online.
Separation
In the separation model of acculturation, also referred to as cultural resistance, an individual will maintain a strong identification with the culture of origin and does not accept the behaviors, attitudes, beliefs, or values of the dominant or host culture. Although an individual may be presented with opportunities to acculturate, the individual consciously chooses to maintain an allegiance with the culture of origin. In this model the individual only displays the behaviors, attitudes, beliefs, and values of the culture of origin.
integration
The integration model of acculturation, also referred to as cultural incorporation and bicultural-ism, is exactly what the term implies. The integration model is a merge and combination of two cultures: the culture of origin and the new dominant or host culture. Individuals in this model may successfully display behaviors, attitudes, beliefs, and values from both cultures. Individuals in this model identify with both cultures and have a level of comfort within both cultures.
Marginalization
The fourth model of acculturation is marginalization; the marginalization model is described as a rejection or nonacceptance of the behaviors, attitudes, beliefs, and values of both the culture of origin and the new dominant or host culture. It is important to keep in mind that a marginalized individual can maintain cultural competence with both groups and have marginal traits as well. Additionally, a degree of acculturation or identification with both cultures must occur before marginalization takes place.
Acculturative Stress
One potential outcome or response of acculturation is acculturative stress, which may result from differences in language, perceived cultural incompatibilities, and cultural self-consciousness. Some stress behaviors that have been associated with acculturation are anxiety, depression, feelings of alienation, and identity confusion.
It is important to note that some research has shown that acculturative stress is not related to the level of acculturation. Thus, one cannot assume that less acculturated individuals experience more acculturative stress than more acculturated individuals. Scholars have also suggested that acculturative stress can stem from the demands to maintain or learn one's cultural heritage while at the same time feeling pressured by the dominant culture to assimilate.
Miguel Angel Cano
EDITOR Neil J. Salkind
Copyright © 2008 by SAGE Publications, Inc.
Subscribe to:
Post Comments (Atom)
No comments:
Post a Comment