AFRICAN AMERICANS. Online Education And Degree. Part 11.

AFRICAN AMERICANS
This entry provides a summary of issues related to African Americans. It begins with a brief overview of the history and geographical distribution of African Americans in the United States. This is followed by brief descriptions of attitudes affecting African Americans, including their attitudes toward the majority culture, religion and politics, racial identity, and African Americans in society. Next is a summary of the schooling experiences of, and educational outcomes for, African Americans and an overview of some of the major explanations for the achievement patterns of African American students. Despite decades of educational research, African Americans continue to have achievement levels that are substantially below their White and East Asian counterparts, on average, and this achievement gap has been the subject of consider-able research in the field of educational psychology.
Try google to learn more. Use tags: Online College Degree Programs, College Degree Distance Education Online, Online Course College Degree, Online Pharmacy Degree, University Online Degrees, Online College Bachelor Degree, Online College Degree Distance Education, Online Course And College Degree, Online College Degree, Phd Degree Online, Online Masters Degree, Online Computer Science Degree, Online Nursing Degree, Nursing Degree Online, Online Accounting Degree, Online Education College Degree, Guide For Online Degree Rochville University, Online Degree Program, Online Health Care Degree.
African Americans in the United States
At 12.3% of the population, African Americans are the second largest minority group in the United States, behind Hispanics who make up 12.5% of the U.S. population. Also commonly referred to as Black Americans, African Americans are still the single largest racial minority group in the country. Many Black biracial individuals and foreign-born Blacks also self-identify as African American. However, both of these groups are quite small, constituting less than 1% and 5% of the Black population, respectively. Black immigrants to the United States are from three primary regions: the Caribbean, Latin America, and sub-Saharan Africa.
In the early 1600s, some of the first Africans were brought to the United States as indentured servants. However, by the mid-1600s, the status of Africans in the United States had been changed to slaves. By the end of the legal slave trade in 1808, more than 500,000 Africans had been brought into the United States, primarily to work on the plantations in the southern states. Until the Great African American Migration (1910-1920), 90% of the African American population lived in the South, and less than 25% lived in urban areas. This early 20th-century migration of African Americans eventually yielded settlement patterns that are reflected in the United States today, with substantial concentrations of African Americans in the urban centers of the northeastern and midwestern United States.
The South still has the largest concentration of African Americans in the country, with more than 50% of the Black population. Nonetheless, African Americans constitute less than 20% of the South's population. African Americans make up about 11 % of the populations in the Northeast and Midwest and about 5% of the population in the West. The top 10 residential areas for African Americans include the following metropolitan areas, in descending order: New York City, Chicago, Washington, D.C., Atlanta, Detroit, Philadelphia, Los Angeles/Long Beach, Houston, Baltimore, and Dallas. Although there have been declines in segregation over the past three dec-ades, African Americans still live in highly segregated neighborhoods, and the metropolitan areas with the largest concentrations of African Americans also have the highest levels of residential segregation. Affluent African Americans also live in areas with high levels of residential segregation, and children experience the highest segregation levels at home and in school.
Use Yahoo! search engine for more information. Use these search terms: Online Course College Degree, Online Pharmacy Degree, University Online Degrees, Online College Bachelor Degree, Online College Degree Distance Education, Online Course And College Degree, School Online College Degree Distance Education, Psychology Degree Online, Online Theology Degree, Online Music Degree, Degree Fake Online, Law Degree Online, Music Degree Online, Online College Bachelor Degree, Online College Degree Distance Education, Online Course And College Degree, Pharmacy Degree Online, School Online College Degree Distance Education, College Degree Learning Online Program, Masters Degree Graduate Accredited Online College Programs.
Attitudes Affecting African Americans
African Americans report a substantial amount of mistrust of Whites, and a majority of African Americans report experiencing racial discrimination at least once a year. African Americans report marked mistrust of the police and are more likely than other ethnic groups to believe in conspiracy theories. Thus, many African Americans believe that the majority culture does not want positive outcomes for their group. The increasing numbers of legal challenges to affirmative action, alongside media accounts of police brutality, reports of discrimination in housing and bank loans, and concerns about the disenfranchise-ment of Black voters in recent national elections, are seen as providing support for this hypothesis.
There is some evidence that African Americans' beliefs are not wholly without merit. Although overt negative attitudes toward African Americans have decreased in the broader society, recent research suggests that racist attitudes have become more covert over time and that aversive (unconscious) racism still plays a major role in the lives of African Americans. Thus, although fewer than 5% of Americans endorse negative stereotypes of African Americans, social psy-chology research reveals differential responses to African Americans in several circumstances. For example, in bystander intervention studies, individuals respond equally to Whites and Blacks when an emergency occurs only if they are the only witness; they are less likely to assist Blacks when there are multiple witnesses. Also, people report the same number of negative characteristics for Whites and Blacks but report significantly more positive characteristics for Whites. Similarly, in evaluating job candidates, Black and White candidates with comparable weak and moderate skills are rated equally, but White candidates with strong skills are rated substantially higher than Black candidates with equally strong skills.
African American racial identity attitudes have also received considerable research scrutiny. Black racial identity was first conceptualized as a stage theory, with African Americans moving from an anti-Black stage to a pro-Black stage, with concomitant increases in self-concept. Recent theorizing conceives of Black racial identity as consisting of a set of multidimensional attitudes. Studies have provided support for several Black racial identity attitudes, including low salience attitudes, high salience attitudes, pro-Black attitudes, anti-Black attitudes, anti-White attitudes, and multicultural attitudes. Recently, researchers have demonstrated generalizable racial identity profiles in the population, although it is not yet clear how these will affect functioning. Several scholars have suggested that in the social context of the United States, many African Americans will have some minimal level of negative attitudes toward Whites.
Religion continues to play a major role in African American life, and the church has been one of the most important forces in the African American community. Estimates indicate that there are more than 60,000 Black churches in the United States, and African Americans have considerable membership numbers in several Christian and Islamic denominations. From a religious point of view, African Americans are generally conservative. However, on the political spectrum, African Americans are generally aligned with the Democratic Party. Initially strong supporters of Abraham Lincoln and the Republican Party after the American Civil War, African American political allegiance shifted as the Republicans compromised with southern states on issues of civil rights. For much of the past 30 years, more than 80% of African American voters have been affiliated with the Democratic Party, and the 109th Congress included 43 African Americans (1 senator and 42 representatives), all of whom were Democrats.
You can find out more using bing, former Live Search. Just use search terms like Master Degree Online Program, Associates Degree Online, Accredited Online Degree, Online It Degree, Education Degree Online, Bs Construction Management Degree Online, Engineering Degree Online, Online Math Degree ,Accounting Degree Online, Construction Management Degree Online, Online Masters Degree In Education, Online Bachelors Degree, Bachelors Degree Online, College Degree Learning Online Program, School Online College Degree Distance Education, College Degree Learning Online Program, Masters Degree Graduate Accredited Online College Programs, Online Accredited Law College Degree, Masters Degree Graduate Accredited Online College Programs, Online Accredited Law College Degree, Online Colleges College Degree, College Degree Program Online, College Degree Education Online.

EDITOR Neil J. Salkind
Copyright © 2008 by SAGE Publications, Inc.